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Allgemeine Kosmos-Theorie

AKT

akt3

Physics - Development

explaining nature as a oneness

Quantenphysics - Macrophysics

AKT

AKT-Optic

Light-theory

Gunther Niessen, Gewinner des int. DSM-Preises für Innovation, löst in AKT Rätsel der Physik, der Quanten-Physik und der Astronomie. Warum springen kleinste Körper? Rätsel der Quanten-Physik. Warum finden Physiker die fehlenden Massen (dark matter) nicht? Astronomie. Warum gehorchen äussere Sterne in Galaxien den Newton’schen Gesetzen nicht? Oder scheinbar nicht? Siehe AKT-Cosmology .

Hier präsentiert er, thinking bottom-up, eine teilweise neue Theorie des Lichts, mit deutlicher Kritik an der herrschenden Auffassung der Physik, dass Photonen einfach ins Nichts verschwinden können.

AKT explains the nature of light

A small system of small parts is travelling through space and is diving sometimes into bigger systems, ‘disappearing for a while’ instead of disappearing into ‘nothing’ (annihilation) : is this a possible vision on a photon? Or perhaps even a better vision than annihilation? In each case it’s the vision of AKT. With this vision in mind better explanations of light-phenomena become possible.

Light has wave properties and particle properties. Light has interference properties. All three properties can easily be understood, using the AKT model of light.

In AKT each photon is a complex vibrating system with impuls and energy. The energy of a photon is a linear function of its frequency f : E = h*f. A photon is a travelling and vibrating particle system, composed of particles.

Light has wave properties, because particles in a photon swing. Wave and particle are not two kinds of equal entities. A wave is always a wave of particles. These particles are smaller than those in the focus of measuring physicists of today. AKT approaches them from the side of theoretical physics, thinking bottom up, beginning with the really smallest particles of nature, beginning with the ‘atoms’ of the old Greeks, with gatoms (or g-atoms).

In water waves the energy is a function of the amplitude also. Not so in light waves. They have all the same amplitude, but can have different frequencies. Therefore their energy depends on their frequency only.

The travel velocity c of light has been object of a lot of discussion:

AKT explains, why we measure c as a constant. Light is travelling to all sides with v = c inside each observer system. That was a surprise, but can be explained much more easily than Einstein did, who cut space into small blocks, gluing them differently together, declaring that space as curved. That’s a fine piece of nonesense. The explanation of AKT doesn’t rape space and time.

By thinking a bit more, Einstein could have found the explanation (without AKT) also …. . But visibly it helps to have the AKT-model to find the solution. c is by far not the highest velocity possible. Even in the travelling and vibrating photon-systems velocities 20% until 30% higher than c occur.

In the far distance we should look for the biggest black holes, which we can find, with dubbelstreams, which we can observe exactly from the side, under a 90^o angle, then focus on travelling patterns in the streams of whirling gas at place x1 at time t1 and at place x2 at time t2, measure the distance x2 - x1, the distance x2 to earth, the angles of the triangle and calculate the velocities of the patterns. There is a chance to find matter velocities higher than c, especially near to very big black holes. For the velocity of a matter stream must be enormous to be able to leave the black hole, not falling back immediately. Furthermore, the velocity is visibly able to catapult the hot matter to distances millions of light years away. The bigger the black hole, the greater has the escape velocitiy to be.

The velocity of light is variable. It depends on the optical density of the matter, which it is crossing through; glas, water, ‘empty’ space. Could it not be meaningful to speak of different kinds of ‘empty’ space? What can make a difference between ‘empty’ space of type 1 and ‘empty’ space of type 2 ? Clearly there are gravity effects differing from volume 1 of ‘empty’ space to volume 2 of ‘empty’ space, whatever that may be, gravity. Gravity is explained in the full paper. Thus ‘empty’ space is filled with more or less ‘gravity’. Thus the light velocity could depend upon the amount of gravity present in a space volume. Is it not that light-beams (photons) even change their travel direction in the presence of big masses, the sun or a galaxy? The known ‘lense effect’, which can make us see bright star clusters, standing behind covering dark(er) star clusters! Light velocity could depend on the type of ‘empty’ space, the photons are crossing. The movement / velocity of light-particles (photons) through a space volume could depend on the gravity-forces present, in the same way, in which other particle-velocities depend upon gravity. That is probable. Thus light velocity could vary from volume to volume. Photons don’t have an exception position **. That is probable. In AKT we are thinking along the line of probability.

In a mind experiment can be shown, that a hunter would not hit his prey, if light velocity would not be constant inside each observer system. But it could vary from observer system to observer system! Clearly physics becomes a bit more complicated then. But perhaps also better!

There is a chance to find light velocity higher than c (c =299.792.458 m/s) in tricky experiments, with high precision instruments, while we shall find always v = c in the normal observer environment. Exiting experiments ahead, with the AKT-model as guide on the background !

Light shows interference properties.

Rings of interference are not the result of ‘superposition’ and ‘annihilation’ of light waves, but of deflection of light waves at a round edge, a hole. The proof: the whole energy of the light beam, leaving the source and passing the split/ the hole, is to be found in the (coloured or white) rings. The black rings are places where simply no light arrives. Deflection is the result of repulsion between certain particles in the photon and the deflecting edge,

and that means, the atoms in the edge,

and that means, the electrons of the outside shell of the atoms in the edge.

Deflection is the result of repulsion between particles in the photons and fixed electrons (positioned in the outside shell of the atoms of the edge).

In the theory of water-waves it is correct to speak of places of superposition and eradication. Crossing water-waves can be explained that way. In the wave theory of light this explanation is not correct. Photons are short limited particle systems, rather independant. Water is a huge alliance of water-atoms with 3D-cross-connections to many sides. Wholly different conditions therefore, which the oscillating particles meet. The terms superposition and annihilation stay restricted to matter-waves.

**) A photon doesn’t have an exception position in relation to gravity. That means also, that an electron, after having swallowed a photon (f.i. while being pushed by the photon on a higher shell inside an atom), has more mass than before. Whether the experimental physicists can measure the small mass difference or not, in AKT it is present.

AKT predicts: As soon as the measuring instruments are sensible enough, a mass grow of an electron will be stated, after a photon is dived into it. Vice versa a mass loss will be the result, after a photon has left an electron (light emission). The whole atom is containing more mass after swallowing photons and is loosing mass by emitting photons. A task for experimental physicists to measure it!

Particles never disappear into nothing. The whole set of particles in the universe has always been there, is there and will always be there. That’s the fundamental law of the constant number of smallest particles, Greeks atoms (gatoms), in the universe. This law is as fundamental as the constancy of the sum of all energy in the system.

The energy of the system is the energy of the particles of the system. Energy and impulse are properties of movement processes of particles. Energy is no entity independent of particles. Although this misunderstanding is heard rather often. Study the definition of energy (Def. : E=m*v²/2). Then you see clearly, what energy is. It is a term to help us understand and calculate processes and to predict outcomes of processes, using properties m and v of particles. Sometimes the energy can be measured clearly, but the involved particles cannot be seen. Nevertheless the energy is and remains the energy of particles.

Composed particles and their anti-particles never annihilate each other. When they meet and disappear, they dissolve in smaller particles, which physicists can not yet register via their instruments. Speculations over disappearing into nothing don’t make sense. The fundament under science would dissolve.

The axioms constancy of substance (number of gatoms) and constancy of energy must stay in place.

In the larger world, enclosing life, it makes sense to formulate the law:

the number of souls (=persons) in the universe doesn’t change. Not even one is added, not even one disappears into nothing. Thorough research will always reveal, that new persons emerging are old persons with history. The memory can be (partly) deleted or blocked. Persons, who disappear, go on a journey, disappearing out of our sight. It makes sense to formulate this axiom.

It is impossible to proof the opposite. On the other hand it is often possible to proof that a certain process has taken place according to this axiom.

In the underlying axiom ‘constancy of substance’ physics and meta-physics show similarity. In scientific physics the g-atom is the substance unity. In scientific meta-physics the person is the substance unity.

Licht ist eine ewige Erscheinung. Ein Photon-Lichtsystem läuft ewig mit hoher Geschwindigkeit durch den Raum. Manchmal läuft es nahezu geradlinig von einer Galaxie.1 zu einer Galaxie.2 . Manchmal wird es von einem Elektron eines Atoms in Galaxie.2 in eine Kreisbahn gelenkt (eingefangen) und macht dann die Bewegungen des Elektrons mit, während es seine Eigenbewegung um das Elektron fortsetzt. In manchen Situationen, die wir als Zusammenstoss des Trägersystems mit einem anderen Trägersystems beschreiben können, ist es ihm möglich, die enge Kreisbahn zu verlassen und wieder geradlinig zu laufen. Solange, bis es in einer neuen Situation, ein paar Meter weiter, ein paar Kilometer weiter oder ein paar Galaxien weiter, wieder eingefangen wird und neu in eine Kreisbahn gelenkt wird. Licht: laufen ist seine Natur.

Da bei einer Fusion von Wasserstoff-Atomkernen zu Helium viel Energie frei kommt, kann man davon ausgehen, dass die ‘Fusion’ nicht nur Fusion, sondern auch Spaltung ist. Abgespaltene Teile, deren Masse später als die Massendifferenz zwischen 4 x H und 1 x He bestimmt werden kann, fliegen mit grosser Geschwindigkeit weg und beschleunigen alle Materie-Teilchen, die sie antreffen, auf hohe Geschwindigkeiten. So entsteht das Bild einer gewaltigen Explosion. Woher kommt die frei werdende Energie? Sie muss im System gesteckt haben! Wenn wir nun an unser Modell vom kreisenden Photon im Elektron denken, kommen wir sofort zum Modell eines H-Kernes, der aus kreisenden Partikel-Systemen besteht. Während der Fusion wird ein Teil von ihnen ausgelenkt, der rotierende Flug geht in geradlinigen Flug über, die Partikel nehmen ihre Energie mit und bombardieren damit die Umgebung: alles, was sie in der Nähe antreffen, wird aufgeheizt, verdampft, zerstäubt.

Die frei werdende Energie ist proportional zum Massendefizit. Daraus folgt, dass alle Kleinteile –Gatome- mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit aus ihrer Kreisbahn fliegen. Daraus folgt weiter, dass sie mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit auf den inneren Kreisbahnen umlaufen, solange sie noch gefesselt fliegen.

Damit haben wir eine neue Modellvorstellung von schweren Kernen: sie bestehen aus einer grossen Zahl von Gatomen, die um ein gemeinsames Zentrum kreisen, wahrscheinlich auf einer grösseren Anzahl von Schalen.

Die Modellvorstellung macht sofort verständlich, wieso Atomkerne unter hoher Energiefreigabe teilweise zerstrahlen können.

Wir können voraussagen: bei der Zerstrahlung kommt 1. eine bestimmte Menge Energie frei, kommt 2. eine bestimmte Menge Masse frei. Auch die frei gewordene Masse muss zurückgefunden werden können. Entweder sitzen die weggestrahlten Gatome, neu eingefangen, in der Umgebung und erhöhen deren Masse, oder sie sind innerhalb von Photonen unterwegs zu fernen Galaxien.

Ende akt3 —————— more .